2025
Composition and function of AChR chimeric autoantibody receptor T cells for antigen-specific B cell depletion in myasthenia gravis
Oh S, Khani-Habibabadi F, O'Connor K, Payne A. Composition and function of AChR chimeric autoantibody receptor T cells for antigen-specific B cell depletion in myasthenia gravis. Science Advances 2025, 11: eadt0795. PMID: 40020066, PMCID: PMC11870065, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adt0795.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsChimeric autoantibody receptorsMyasthenia gravisAnti-AChRChimeric autoantibody receptor T cellsSurface expressionSustained surface expressionTarget cell eliminationB-cell depletionT cell cytotoxicityB-cell outgrowthSevere muscle weaknessMouse xenograft modelSuppress immune functionCellular immunotherapyAChR-MGMg therapyT cellsB cellsXenograft modelMuscle weaknessImmune functionNeuromuscular transmissionCell eliminationCD28GravisTranslocating gut pathobiont Enterococcus gallinarum induces TH17 and IgG3 anti-RNA–directed autoimmunity in mouse and human
Gronke K, Nguyen M, Fuhrmann H, Santamaria de Souza N, Schumacher J, Pereira M, Löschberger U, Brinkhege A, Becker N, Yang Y, Sonnert N, Leopold S, Martin A, von Münchow-Klein L, Pessoa Rodrigues C, Cansever D, Hallet R, Richter K, Schubert D, Daniel G, Dylus D, Forkel M, Schwinge D, Schramm C, Redanz S, Lassen K, Manfredo Vieira S, Piali L, Palm N, Bieniossek C, Kriegel M. Translocating gut pathobiont Enterococcus gallinarum induces TH17 and IgG3 anti-RNA–directed autoimmunity in mouse and human. Science Translational Medicine 2025, 17: eadj6294. PMID: 39908347, DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adj6294.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSystemic lupus erythematosusAutoimmune diseasesToll-like receptor 8Gut pathobiontsHuman adaptive immune responseLong-term sequelaeAdaptive immune responsesHuman T cellsChronic autoimmune diseaseHuman monocyte activationContribution to autoimmunityAutoimmune hepatitisAutoantibody titersAnti-<i>E.Autoimmune pathophysiologyLupus modelT-helperLifelong immunosuppressionTargeted therapyT cellsDisease activityLupus erythematosusAutoantibody responseMonocyte activationImmune responseA Glucose Fraction Independent of Insulin Secretion: Implications for Type 1 Diabetes Progression in Autoantibody-Positive Cohorts
Sosenko J, Cuthbertson D, Jacobsen L, Redondo M, Sims E, Ismail H, Herold K, Skyler J, Nathan B, Groups D. A Glucose Fraction Independent of Insulin Secretion: Implications for Type 1 Diabetes Progression in Autoantibody-Positive Cohorts. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2025, 27: 179-186. PMID: 39757867, DOI: 10.1089/dia.2024.0422.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIndependent of insulin secretionArea under the curveAUC C-peptideAutoantibody-positive individualsC-peptideInsulin secretionAUC glucoseGlucose toleranceFirst-phase insulin responseDiabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1Type 1 diabetes progressionOral glucose tolerance test dataGlucose tolerance test dataPrediction of T1DImpaired glucose toleranceOral glucose toleranceType 1 diabetesDPT-1TrialNet PathwayIncreased glycemiaInsulin responseInverse correlationSecretionT1DLack of correlation
2024
Phenome-Wide Association Study of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes from a Southern Mexican Population Implicates rs7305229 with Plasmatic Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Autoantibody (GADA) Levels
Nolasco-Rosales G, Martínez-Magaña J, Juárez-Rojop I, Rodríguez-Sánchez E, Ruiz-Ramos D, Villatoro-Velázquez J, Bustos-Gamiño M, Medina-Mora M, Tovilla-Zárate C, Cruz-Castillo J, Nicolini H, Genis-Mendoza A. Phenome-Wide Association Study of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes from a Southern Mexican Population Implicates rs7305229 with Plasmatic Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Autoantibody (GADA) Levels. International Journal Of Molecular Sciences 2024, 25: 10154. PMID: 39337639, PMCID: PMC11432505, DOI: 10.3390/ijms251810154.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsGenome-wide association studiesPhenome-wide association studyAssociation studiesGenetics of LADANon-European populationsGenome-wideGenetic risk factorsGENESIS packageSoutheastern MexicoPopulation implicationsPheWASFAIM2Risk genotypesAnti-glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodiesGlutamate decarboxylase autoantibodiesAutoimmune diabetesBody adiposity measuresMexican populationLatent autoimmune diabetesPLINKBody mass indexGenesAdiposity measuresChildhood obesityType 2 diabetesA human autoimmune organoid model reveals IL-7 function in coeliac disease
Santos A, van Unen V, Lin Z, Chirieleison S, Ha N, Batish A, Chan J, Cedano J, Zhang E, Mu Q, Guh-Siesel A, Tomaske M, Colburg D, Varma S, Choi S, Christophersen A, Baghdasaryan A, Yost K, Karlsson K, Ha A, Li J, Dai H, Sellers Z, Chang H, Dunn J, Zhang B, Mellins E, Sollid L, Fernandez-Becker N, Davis M, Kuo C. A human autoimmune organoid model reveals IL-7 function in coeliac disease. Nature 2024, 632: 401-410. PMID: 39048815, PMCID: PMC11747932, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07716-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAutoantibodiesAutoimmunityB-LymphocytesBiopsyCeliac DiseaseDuodenumEpitopesGlutensGTP-Binding ProteinsHLA-DQ AntigensHumansInterleukin-7Intestinal MucosaKiller Cells, NaturalModels, BiologicalMyeloid CellsOrganoidsProtein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2Receptors, Antigen, B-CellReceptors, Antigen, T-CellT-LymphocytesConceptsInterleukin-7Major histocompatibility complexT cellsEpithelial destructionNatural killer (NK) cellsCoeliac diseaseTissue-resident immune cellsB cell receptor repertoiresOrganoid modelsModels of autoimmunityAir-liquid interfaceGluten-free dietActive CeDRemission diseaseIn vitro modelImmune microenvironmentEndoscopic biopsyMyeloid subsetsAutoantibody productionMyeloid cellsPatient biopsiesHLA-DQ8Immune cellsAnti-transglutaminasePlasma cellsAnti-Interleukin-23 Autoantibodies in Adult-Onset Immunodeficiency.
Cohen J, Damsky W. Anti-Interleukin-23 Autoantibodies in Adult-Onset Immunodeficiency. New England Journal Of Medicine 2024, 391: 188-189. PMID: 38986070, DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2404977.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchTranscobalamin receptor antibodies in autoimmune vitamin B12 central deficiency
Pluvinage J, Ngo T, Fouassier C, McDonagh M, Holmes B, Bartley C, Kondapavulur S, Hurabielle C, Bodansky A, Pai V, Hinman S, Aslanpour A, Alvarenga B, Zorn K, Zamecnik C, McCann A, Asencor A, Huynh T, Browne W, Tubati A, Haney M, Douglas V, Louine M, Cree B, Hauser S, Seeley W, Baranzini S, Wells J, Spudich S, Farhadian S, Ramachandran P, Gillum L, Hales C, Zikherman J, Anderson M, Yazdany J, Smith B, Nath A, Suh G, Flanagan E, Green A, Green R, Gelfand J, DeRisi J, Pleasure S, Wilson M. Transcobalamin receptor antibodies in autoimmune vitamin B12 central deficiency. Science Translational Medicine 2024, 16: eadl3758. PMID: 38924428, PMCID: PMC11520464, DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adl3758.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBlood-brain barrierCerebrospinal fluidNeurological deficitsAutoimmune neurological conditionsCohort of patientsCellular uptake of cobalaminVitamin B12B12 transportCerebrospinal fluid samplesMeasurement of vitamin B12Low-density lipoprotein receptorProgrammable phage displayImmunosuppressive treatmentIn vitro modelNeuropsychiatric lupusImmunomodulatory treatmentReceptor antibodiesClinical improvementUptake of cobalaminB12 deficiencyUnknown etiologyHematopoietic cellsTranscobalamin receptorCentral deficiencyB12 supplementationHide-&-Go-PhiP-Seq: Finding an elusive predictive MS biomarker.
Wallace A, O'Connor K. Hide-&-Go-PhiP-Seq: Finding an elusive predictive MS biomarker. Science Immunology 2024, 9: eadq7284. PMID: 38848339, DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adq7284.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchA Noncanonical CD56dimCD16dim/- NK Cell Subset Indicative of Prior Cytotoxic Activity Is Elevated in Patients with Autoantibody-Mediated Neurologic Diseases.
Yandamuri S, Filipek B, Lele N, Cohen I, Bennett J, Nowak R, Sotirchos E, Longbrake E, Mace E, O'Connor K. A Noncanonical CD56dimCD16dim/- NK Cell Subset Indicative of Prior Cytotoxic Activity Is Elevated in Patients with Autoantibody-Mediated Neurologic Diseases. The Journal Of Immunology 2024, 212: 785-800. PMID: 38251887, PMCID: PMC10932911, DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300015.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNeuromyelitis optica spectrum disorderAb-dependent cellular cytotoxicityNK cellsMyasthenia gravisMG patientsInduced Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicityNK cell-mediated effector functionsPeripheral blood immune cell populationsCell-mediated effector functionsNeuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patientsBlood immune cell populationsAb-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activityNK marker CD56NK cell markersHLA-DR expressionNK cell subsetsExpression of perforinImmune cell populationsAutoimmune myasthenia gravisElevated disease burdenHLA-DRCell subsetsCellular cytotoxicityChemokine receptorsMultiparameter immunophenotyping
2023
Safety and Efficacy of Nipocalimab in Patients With Generalized Myasthenia Gravis
Antozzi C, Guptill J, Bril V, Gamez J, Meuth S, Nowak R, Quan D, Sevilla T, Jouvin M, Jin J, Karcher K, Ramchandren S, Sun H, Ling L, Zhu Y, Arroyo S, Group F. Safety and Efficacy of Nipocalimab in Patients With Generalized Myasthenia Gravis. Neurology 2023, 102: e207937. PMID: 38165333, PMCID: PMC10962909, DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207937.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsActivities of Daily LivingAntibodies, MonoclonalAutoantibodiesHumansMyasthenia GravisPatientsConceptsTreatment-emergent adverse eventsGeneralized myasthenia gravisSignificant dose responseAdverse eventsMG-ADLDay 57Myasthenia gravisDose responseMyasthenia Gravis ActivitiesPrimary safety endpointPrimary efficacy endpointSerious adverse eventsPhase 2 studyReceptor monoclonal antibodyDaily living (IADL) total scoreClinical trial registrationMG-ADL scoreDose-dependent reductionEudraCT numberQ2W groupEfficacy endpointPlacebo groupSafety endpointCare therapyReceptor autoantibodiesGuidelines for best practices in monitoring established coeliac disease in adult patients
Elli L, Leffler D, Cellier C, Lebwohl B, Ciacci C, Schumann M, Lundin K, Chetcuti Zammit S, Sidhu R, Roncoroni L, Bai J, Lee A, Dennis M, Robert M, Rostami K, Khater S, Comino I, Cebolla A, Branchi F, Verdu E, Stefanolo J, Wolf R, Bergman-Golden S, Trott N, Scudeller L, Zingone F, Scaramella L, Sanders D. Guidelines for best practices in monitoring established coeliac disease in adult patients. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2023, 21: 198-215. PMID: 38110546, DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00872-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAutoantibodiesCeliac DiseaseDiet, Gluten-FreeGastroenterologistsGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseHumansConceptsCoeliac diseaseLevel of evidenceLife-long gluten-free dietGluten-free dietMucosal atrophyAdult patientsCirculating autoantibodiesFollow-upGenetic predispositionImmunological diseasesRecommendations AssessmentMonitoring patientsClinical guidelinesEvidence levelPatientsConsumption of glutenDiagnosisDiseaseGuidelinesScientific societiesCeDAutoantibodiesGastroenterologistsAtrophyCancer Relevance of Circulating Antibodies Against LINE-1 Antigens in Humans
Vylegzhanina A, Bespalov I, Novototskaya-Vlasova K, Hall B, Gleiberman A, Yu H, Leontieva O, Leonova K, Kurnasov O, Osterman A, Dy G, Komissarov A, Vasilieva E, Gehlhausen J, Iwasaki A, Ambrosone C, Tsuji T, Matsuzaki J, Odunsi K, Andrianova E, Gudkov A. Cancer Relevance of Circulating Antibodies Against LINE-1 Antigens in Humans. Cancer Research Communications 2023, 3: 2256-2267. PMID: 37870410, PMCID: PMC10631453, DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0289.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAutoantibodiesHumansImmunoglobulin GLong Interspersed Nucleotide ElementsNeoplasmsRetroelementsConceptsL1 antigenCancer typesDisease stage 1Discovery of autoantibodiesHigh IgG titersTumor-associated antigensDetermination of immunoreactivityTumor immunoreactivityCirculating AntibodiesIgG titersAntibody responseImmune responseLiver cancerReactive IgGHealthy individualsCurable cancer typesImmune systemAntigenNormal tissuesPatientsCancerEarly detectionElevated levelsCarcinogenic processAutoantibodiesCOVID‐19 mRNA vaccine, but not a viral vector‐based vaccine, promotes neutralizing anti‐type I interferon autoantibody production in a small group of healthy individuals
Xu W, Wen X, Cong X, Jiang W. COVID‐19 mRNA vaccine, but not a viral vector‐based vaccine, promotes neutralizing anti‐type I interferon autoantibody production in a small group of healthy individuals. Journal Of Medical Virology 2023, 95: e29137. PMID: 37792386, PMCID: PMC10603818, DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29137.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsViral vector-based vaccinesCOVID-19 mRNA vaccinesVector-based vaccinesGroup of healthy individualsMRNA vaccinesHealthy individualsPlasma levelsAnti-type I IFN autoantibodiesI interferonLevels of IgG autoantibodiesEvaluate plasma levelsHuman self-antigensPost-COVID-19 vaccinationCOVID-19 vaccineImpaired immune defenseInduce adverse eventsBaseline in vitroIncreased antibody levelsSARS-CoV-2 infectionSARS-CoV-2 antigensType I IFNType I interferonAutoantibody productionSelf-antigensInduce autoimmunityPostinfectious Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Sydenham Chorea, Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcal Infection, and Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Disorder
Vreeland A, Calaprice D, Or-Geva N, Frye R, Agalliu D, Lachman H, Pittenger C, Pallanti S, Williams K, Ma M, Thienemann M, Gagliano A, Mellins E, Frankovich J. Postinfectious Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Sydenham Chorea, Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcal Infection, and Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Disorder. Developmental Neuroscience 2023, 45: 361-374. PMID: 37742615, DOI: 10.1159/000534261.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndromeObsessive-compulsive disorderGroup A streptococciSydenham's choreaNeuropsychiatric disordersStreptococcal infectionAcute-onset obsessive-compulsive disorderPediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infectionsAssociated with streptococcal infectionsAnimal modelsPediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disordersAnti-neuronal autoantibodiesAutoimmune neuropsychiatric disordersTriggered by infectionModulate neuronal activityRandomized clinical trialsNeuropsychiatric syndromeNeuropsychiatric manifestationsRheumatologic diseasesClinical trialsA streptococciNeural antigensBasal gangliaClinical syndromeNeuronal activityRemission of severe myasthenia gravis after autologous stem cell transplantation
Schlatter M, Yandamuri S, O'Connor K, Nowak R, Pham M, Obaid A, Redman C, Provost M, McSweeney P, Pearlman M, Tees M, Bowen J, Nash R, Georges G. Remission of severe myasthenia gravis after autologous stem cell transplantation. Annals Of Clinical And Translational Neurology 2023, 10: 2105-2113. PMID: 37726935, PMCID: PMC10646993, DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51898.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHematopoietic cell transplantationRefractory myasthenia gravisAutologous hematopoietic cell transplantationMyasthenia gravisCell transplantationAcetylcholine receptorsAutologous stem cell transplantationPhase 2 clinical trialAmerica (MGFA) clinical classificationMultiple immunomodulatory agentsRabbit antithymocyte globulinSevere myasthenia gravisAutoimmune neurological disordersHigh-dose chemotherapyMyasthenia Gravis FoundationNeuromuscular junction disordersStem cell transplantationTherapeutic plasma exchangeImmune cell subtypesDays of treatmentEffect of treatmentAntithymocyte globulinDisease activityComplete responseUnderwent treatmentHydroxychloroquine in Stage 1 Type 1 Diabetes.
Libman I, Bingley P, Becker D, Buckner J, DiMeglio L, Gitelman S, Greenbaum C, Haller M, Ismail H, Krischer J, Moore W, Moran A, Muir A, Raman V, Steck A, Toledo F, Wentworth J, Wherrett D, White P, You L, Herold K, Steck A, Greenbaum C, Lord S, Monzavi R, Katz L, Goland R, Muir A, Apperson E, DiMeglio L, Cummings E, Weinstock R, Gaglia J, Campbell F, Cabrera S, Nakhle S, English P, Huynh T, Liljenquist D, Moudiotis C, Duke S, Bosi E, Griffin K, Borg H, Lernmark A, Flynn D, Wilson D, Craig M, Moore W, Wherrett D, Tatovich D, Gitelman S, Philipson L, Haller M, Knip M, Tsalikian E, Baidal D, Thomas I, Moran A, Libman I, White P, Raman V, Raleigh Z, Solorzano C, Rodriguez H, Russell W, So M, Colman P, Couper J, Sherr J. Hydroxychloroquine in Stage 1 Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2023, 46: 2035-2043. PMID: 37708415, PMCID: PMC10620539, DOI: 10.2337/dc23-1096.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAnnual ophthalmologic examinationsMedian follow-upStage 1 diseaseHydroxychloroquine armPreplanned secondary analysisAutoantibodies to GADData Safety Monitoring BoardAnti-insulin autoantibodiesSafety monitoring boardType 1 diabetesInnate immune responseOphthalmologic examinationPositive autoantibodiesAnti-GADHydroxychloroquine treatmentMonth 6Oral glucoseFollow-upDrug treatmentImmune responseHydroxychloroquineAutoantibodiesTransient decreaseMonitoring boardReduced titersImmunity in the balance: Fatal disseminated adenovirus infection in a patient undergoing plasma exchange and immunosuppressive chemotherapy for anti‐glomerular basement membrane disease
Jacobs J, Villalba C, Stendahl K, Tormey C, Abels E. Immunity in the balance: Fatal disseminated adenovirus infection in a patient undergoing plasma exchange and immunosuppressive chemotherapy for anti‐glomerular basement membrane disease. Journal Of Clinical Apheresis 2023, 38: 770-777. PMID: 37698143, DOI: 10.1002/jca.22088.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTherapeutic plasma exchangeAnti-glomerular basement membrane diseaseAnti-GBM diseasePlasma exchangeMembrane diseaseDaily therapeutic plasma exchangeFatal disseminated adenovirus infectionRare autoinflammatory conditionsMulti-organ failureStandard therapeutic regimenDisseminated adenovirus infectionDisseminated adenovirus diseasePotential opportunistic infectionsPotential adverse effectsApheresis guidelinesAdenovirus diseaseOrgan inflammationProfound immunosuppressionAutoantibody productionOpportunistic infectionsTherapeutic regimenAutoinflammatory conditionsImmunosuppressive chemotherapyUnusual infectionsClose surveillanceEggerthella lenta augments preclinical autoantibody production and metabolic shift mimicking senescence in arthritis
Balakrishnan B, Luckey D, Wright K, Davis J, Chen J, Taneja V. Eggerthella lenta augments preclinical autoantibody production and metabolic shift mimicking senescence in arthritis. Science Advances 2023, 9: eadg1129. PMID: 37656793, PMCID: PMC10854426, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg1129.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRheumatoid arthritisSevere diseaseAugmented antibody responsesCD4 T cellsHumanized mouse modelOnset of symptomsCollagen-induced arthritisAssociated with several diseasesNaive miceT cellsAutoantibody productionFemale miceB cellsEtiology of rheumatoid arthritisInterleukin-17Genetic predispositionMouse modelRheumatoid factorAntibody responseIncreased CXCL5RA severityGut dysbiosisArthritisBile acidsEggerthella lentaWarm autoantibodies mimicking alloantibodies: Three cases of autoantibodies with unusual antigenic specificity
Jacobs J, Binns T, Abels E, Campos J, Elkabbani R, Kress A, Sostin N, Tormey C. Warm autoantibodies mimicking alloantibodies: Three cases of autoantibodies with unusual antigenic specificity. American Journal Of Clinical Pathology 2023, 160: 561-565. PMID: 37598315, DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqad095.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedAnemia, Hemolytic, AutoimmuneAutoantibodiesEpitopesErythrocytesFemaleHumansIsoantibodiesMaleMiddle AgedPregnancyConceptsWarm autoantibodiesRed blood cellsAntigenic specificityCase of autoantibodiesCase 1Autoimmune hemolytic anemiaDirect antiglobulin testRBC transfusionPregnant womenTransfusion reactionsAntiglobulin testHemolytic anemiaAutoantibodiesRBC antigensAntibody detectionRBC unitsRare reportsBlood cellsCase 2Immunohematologic testingSignificant hemolysisRhD typingCase 3AlloantibodiesAutoantiOGTT Metrics Surpass Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data for T1D Prediction in Multiple-Autoantibody–Positive Individuals
Ylescupidez A, Speake C, Pietropaolo S, Wilson D, Steck A, Sherr J, Gaglia J, Bender C, Lord S, Greenbaum C. OGTT Metrics Surpass Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data for T1D Prediction in Multiple-Autoantibody–Positive Individuals. The Journal Of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2023, 109: 57-67. PMID: 37572381, PMCID: PMC10735531, DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad472.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAutoantibodiesBlood GlucoseBlood Glucose Self-MonitoringDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Glucose Tolerance TestHumansConceptsContinuous glucose monitoringClinical trialsPositive individualsOral glucose tolerance testPrediction of T1DGlucose tolerance testType 1 diabetesCGM dataTrialNet PathwayMultiple autoantibodiesT1D diagnosisTolerance testAncillary studiesContinuous glucose monitoring dataMultivariable modelCGM metricsInsufficient evidenceAcademic centersGlucose monitoring dataHigh discriminative abilityT1D predictionGlucose monitoringCGM measuresCharacteristic curveOGTT
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